1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Casodex® 150 mg Film-coated Tablets
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each tablet contains 150 mg bicalutamide (INN).
For excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Film-coated tablet.
White.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Casodex 150 mg is indicated either alone or as adjuvant to radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer at high risk for disease progression (see section 5.1).
Casodex 150 mg is also indicated for the management of patients with locally advanced, non-metastatic prostate cancer for whom surgical castration or other medical intervention is not considered appropriate or acceptable.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Adult males including the elderly: The dosage is one 150 mg tablet to be taken orally once a day.
Casodex 150 mg should be taken continuously for at least 2 years or until disease progression.
Renal impairment: No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with renal impairment.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with mild hepatic impairment. Increased accumulation may occur in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment (see section 4.4).
4.3 Contraindications
Casodex 150 mg is contraindicated in females and children (see section 4.6).
Casodex 150 mg must not be given to any patient who has shown a hypersensitivity reaction to the active substance or to any of the excipients of this product.
Co-administration of terfenadine, astemizole or cisapride with Casodex is contraindicated (see section 4.5).
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Initiation of treatment should be under the direct supervision of a specialist.
Bicalutamide is extensively metabolised in the liver. Data suggest that its elimination may be slower in subjects with severe hepatic impairment and this could lead to increased accumulation of bicalutamide. Therefore, Casodex 150 mg should be used with caution in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment.
Periodic liver function testing should be considered due to the possibility of hepatic changes. The majority of changes are expected to occur within the first 6 months of Casodex therapy.
Severe hepatic changes and hepatic failure have been observed rarely with Casodex 150 mg, and fatal outcomes have been reported (see section 4.8). Casodex 150 mg therapy should be discontinued if changes are severe.
For patients who have an objective progression of disease together with elevated PSA, cessation of Casodex therapy should be considered.
Bicalutamide has been shown to inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP 3A4), as such, caution should be exercised when co-administered with drugs metabolised predominantly by CYP 3A4 (see sections 4.3 and 4.5).
Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
In vitro studies have shown that R-bicalutamide is an inhibitor of CYP 3A4, with lesser inhibitory effects on CYP 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6 activity. Although clinical studies using antipyrine as a marker of cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity showed no evidence of a drug interaction potential with Casodex, mean midazolam exposure (AUC) was increased by up to 80%, after co-administration of Casodex for 28 days. For drugs with a narrow therapeutic index such an increase could be of relevance. As such, concomitant use of terfenadine, astemizole and cisapride is contraindicated (see section 4.3) and caution should be exercised with the co-administration of Casodex with compounds such as ciclosporin and calcium channel blockers. Dosage reduction may be required for these drugs particularly if there is evidence of enhanced or adverse drug effect. For ciclosporin, it is recommended that plasma concentrations and clinical condition are closely monitored following initiation or cessation of Casodex therapy.
Caution should be exercised when prescribing Casodex with other drugs which may inhibit drug oxidation e.g. cimetidine and ketoconazole. In theory, this could result in increased plasma concentrations of bicalutamide which theoretically could lead to an increase in side effects.
In vitro studies have shown that bicalutamide can displace the coumarin anticoagulant, warfarin, from its protein binding sites. It is therefore recommended that if Casodex 150 mg is started in patients who are already receiving coumarin anticoagulants, prothrombin time should be closely monitored.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Bicalutamide is contraindicated in females and must not be given to pregnant women or nursing mothers.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Casodex is unlikely to impair the ability of patients to drive or operate machinery. However, it should be noted that occasionally somnolence may occur. Any affected patients should exercise caution.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
In this section, undesirable effects are defined as follows: Very common (
Table 1 Frequency of Adverse Reactions
System Organ Class
|
Frequency
|
Event
|
Blood and the lymphatic system disorders
|
Common
|
Anaemia
|
Immune system disorders
|
Uncommon
|
Hypersensitivity, angioedema and urticaria
|
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
|
Common
|
Decreased appetite
|
Psychiatric disorders
|
Common
|
Decreased libido
Depression
|
Nervous system disorders
|
Common
|
Dizziness
Somnolence
|
Vascular disorders
|
Common
|
Hot flush
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
|
Uncommon
|
Interstitial lung disease. Fatal outcomes have been reported.
|
Gastrointestinal disorders
|
Common
|
Abdominal pain
Constipation
Dyspepsia
Flatulence
Nausea
|
Hepato-biliary disorders
|
Common
|
Hepatotoxicity, jaundice, hypertransaminasaemiaa
|
|
Rare
|
Hepatic failure. Fatal outcomes have been reported.
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
|
Very common
|
Rash
|
|
Common
|
Alopecia
Hirsuitism/hair re-growth
Dry skin
Pruritis
|
Renal and urinary disorders
|
Common
|
Haematuria
|
Reproductive system and breast disorders
|
Very common
|
Gynaecomastia and breast tendernessb
|
|
Common
|
Erectile dysfunction
|
General disorders and administration site conditions
|
Very common
|
Asthenia
|
|
Common
|
Chest pain
Oedema
|
Investigations
|
Common
|
Weight increased
|
a. Hepatic changes are rarely severe and were frequently transient, resolving or improving with continued therapy or following cessation of therapy.
b. The majority of patients receiving Casodex 150 mg as monotherapy experience gynaecomastia and/or breast pain. In studies these symptoms were considered to be severe in up to 5% of the patients. Gynaecomastia may not resolve spontaneously following cessation of therapy, particularly after prolonged treatment (
4.9 Overdose
There is no human experience of overdosage. There is no specific antidote; treatment should be symptomatic. Dialysis may not be helpful, since bicalutamide is highly protein bound and is not recovered unchanged in the urine. General supportive care, including frequent monitoring of vital signs, is indicated.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Antiandrogen, ATC code L02 B B03
Bicalutamide is a non-steroidal antiandrogen, devoid of other endocrine activity. It binds to the wild type or normal androgen receptor without activating gene expression, and thus inhibits the androgen stimulus. Regression of prostatic tumours results from this inhibition. Clinically, discontinuation of Casodex can result in the 'antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome' in a subset of patients.
Casodex 150 mg was studied as a treatment for patients with localised (T1-T2, N0 or NX, M0) or locally advanced (T3-T4, any N, M0; T1-T2, N+, M0) non-metastatic prostate cancer in a combined analysis of three placebo controlled, double-blind studies in 8113 patients, where Casodex was given as immediate hormonal therapy or as adjuvant to radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy, (primarily external beam radiation). At 9.7 years median follow up, 36.6% and 38.17% of all Casodex and placebo-treated patients, respectively, had experienced objective disease progression.
A reduction in risk of objective disease progression was seen across most patient groups but was most evident in those at highest risk of disease progression. Therefore, clinicians may decide that the optimum medical strategy for a patient at low risk of disease progression, particularly in the adjuvant setting following radical prostatectomy, may be to defer hormonal therapy until signs that the disease is progressing.
No overall survival difference was seen at 9.7 years median follow up with 31.4% mortality (HR= 1.01; 95% CI 0.94 to1.09). However, some trends were apparent in exploratory subgroup analyses.
Data on progression-free survival and overall survival over time based on Kaplan-Meier estimates for patients with locally advanced disease are summarised in the following tables:
Table 1 Proportion of locally advanced disease patients with disease progression over time by therapy sub-group
Analysis population
|
Treatment Arm
|
Events (%) at 3 years
|
Events (%) at 5 years
|
Events (%) at 7 years
|
Events (%) at 10 years
|
Watchful waiting (n=657)
|
Casodex 150 mg
|
19.7%
|
36.3%
|
52.1%
|
73.2%
|
placebo
|
39.8%
|
59.7%
|
70.7%
|
79.1%
|
|
Radiotherapy (n=305)
|
Casodex 150 mg
|
13.9%
|
33.0%
|
42.1%
|
62.7%
|
placebo
|
30.7%
|
49.4%
|
58.6%
|
72.2%
|
|
Radical prostatectomy (n=1719)
|
Casodex 150 mg
|
7.5%
|
14.4%
|
19.8%
|
29.9%
|
placebo
|
11.7%
|
19.4%
|
23.2%
|
30.9%
|
|
Table 2 Overall survival in locally advanced disease by therapy sub-group
Analysis population
|
Treatment Arm
|
Events (%) at 3 years
|
Events (%) at 5 years
|
Events (%) at 7 years
|
Events (%) at 10 years
|
Watchful waiting (n=657)
|
Casodex 150 mg
|
14.2%
|
29.4%
|
42.2%
|
65.0%
|
placebo
|
17.0%
|
36.4%
|
53.7%
|
67.5%
|
|
Radiotherapy (n=305)
|
Casodex 150 mg
|
8.2%
|
20.9%
|
30.0%
|
48.5%
|
placebo
|
12.6%
|
23.1%
|
38.1%
|
53.3%
|
|
Radical prostatectomy (n=1719)
|
Casodex 150 mg
|
4.6%
|
10.0%
|
14.6%
|
22.4%
|
placebo
|
4.2%
|
8.7%
|
12.6%
|
20.2%
|
|
For patients with localised disease receiving Casodex alone, there was no significant difference in progression free survival. There was no significant difference in overall survival in patients with localised disease who received Casodex as adjuvant therapy, following radiotherapy (HR=0.98; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.20) or radical prostatectomy (HR=1.03; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.25). In patients with localised disease, who would otherwise have been managed by watchful waiting, there was also a trend toward decreased survival compared with placebo patients (HR=1.15; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.32). In view of this, the benefit-risk profile for the use of Casodex is not considered favourable in patients with localised disease.
In a separate programme, the efficacy of Casodex 150 mg for the treatment of patients with locally advanced non-metastatic prostate cancer for whom immediate castration was indicated, was demonstrated in a combined analysis of 2 studies with 480 previously untreated patients with non-metastatic (M0) prostate cancer. At 56% mortality and a median follow-up of 6.3 years, there was no significant difference between Casodex and castration in survival (hazard ratio = 1.05 [CI 0.81 to 1.36]); however, equivalence of the two treatments could not be concluded statistically.
In a combined analysis of 2 studies with 805 previously untreated patients with metastatic (M1) disease at 43% mortality, Casodex 150 mg was demonstrated to be less effective than castration in survival time (hazard ratio = 1.30 [CI 1.04 to 1.65]), with a numerical difference in estimated time to death of 42 days (6 weeks) over a median survival time of 2 years.
Bicalutamide is a racemate with its antiandrogen activity being almost exclusively in the R-enantiomer.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Bicalutamide is well absorbed following oral administration. There is no evidence of any clinically relevant effect of food on bioavailability.
The (S)-enantiomer is rapidly cleared relative to (R)-enantiomer, the latter having a plasma elimination half-life of about 1 week.
On daily administration of Casodex 150 mg, the (R)-enantiomer accumulates about 10-fold in plasma as a consequence of its long half-life.
Steady state plasma concentrations of the (R)-enantiomer, of approximately 22 microgram/ml are observed during daily administration of Casodex 150 mg. At steady state, the predominantly active (R)-enantiomer accounts for 99% of the total circulating enantiomers.
The pharmacokinetics of the (R)-enantiomer are unaffected by age, renal impairment or mild to moderate hepatic impairment. There is evidence that for subjects with severe hepatic impairment, the (R)-enantiomer is more slowly eliminated from plasma.
Bicalutamide is highly protein bound (racemate 96%, (R)-enantiomer>99%) and extensively metabolised (oxidation and glucuronidation); its metabolites are eliminated via the kidneys and bile in approximately equal proportions.
In a clinical study the mean concentration of R-bicalutamide in semen of men receiving Casodex 150 mg was 4.9 microgram/ml. The amount of bicalutamide potentially delivered to a female partner during intercourse is low and equates to approximately 0.3 microgram/kg. This is below that required to induce changes in offspring of laboratory animals.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Bicalutamide is a potent antiandrogen and a mixed function oxidase enzyme inducer in animals. Target organ changes, including tumour induction (Leydig cells, thyroid, liver) in animals, are related to these activities. Enzyme induction has not been observed in man and none of these findings is considered to have relevance to the treatment of patients with prostate cancer. Atrophy of seminiferous tubules is a predicted class effect with antiandrogens and has been observed for all species examined. Full reversal of testicular atrophy was 24 weeks after a 12-month repeated dose toxicity study in rats, although functional reversal was evident in reproduction studies 7 weeks after the end of an 11 week dosing period. A period of subfertility or infertility should be assumed in man.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Casodex 150 mg includes the following excipients:
Tablet core: Lactose Monohydrate, Magnesium Stearate, Povidone, Carboxymethyl amidon sodium.
Film-coating material: Hypromellose, Macrogol 300, Titanium Dioxide.
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf Life
4 years.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Do not store above 30°C.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
PVC/Aluminium foil blister pack comprising strips of 5, 10 and 14 tablets to give pack sizes of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 80, 90, 100, 200 or 14, 28, 56, 84, 140 and 280 tablets.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special requirements.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
AstraZeneca UK Ltd.,
600 Capability Green,
Luton, LU1 3LU, UK.
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 17901/0006
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
18th June 2000/16th June 2004
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
24th November 2010
